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From the INTRODUCTION. Relational aspects of philosophy in the Middle Ages. The study of mediaeval philosophy has undergone considerable change in recent years, and the developments in this field of research have been important. On all sides the soil has been turned, and just as in archaeological excavation, as at Pompeii or at Timgad, here too discoveries unexpectedly rich are rewarding our search. For such men as John Scotus Eriugena, Anselm of Canterbury, Abaelard, Hugo of St. Victor, John of Salisbury, Alexander of Hales, Bonaventure, Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, Siger of Brabant, Thierry of Freiburg, Roger Bacon, William of Occam,these are truly thinkers of the first order, and their labours are worthy of the notable studies now increasingly made of them. There is, further, a host of other philosophers whose thought has been unveiled, and whose significance will become the more clear as historical research progresses. The study of mediaeval philosophy, however, has heretofore contented itself chiefly with establishing actual doctrines, and with indicating their development or the connection between one philosopher and another, while little attention has been given to the historical setting of these doctrines in the mediaeval civilization itself. But in the throbbing vitality of a civilization there is an interdependence of the numerous and complex elements constituting it; such, for example, are the economic well-being, the family and social institutions, the political and juridical systems, the moral and religious and aesthetic aspirations, the scientific and philosophical conceptions, the feeling for progress in human development. The interdependence of these various momenta is perhaps more readily apparent in the realms of economics and politics and art, but it is to be found also in the operation of the intellectual and moral factors. It might seem at first sight that philosophy would enjoy a certain immunity from the vicissitudes of temporal change, because of the problems with which it deals; but closer view reveals that it too is caught inevitably within the meshes of the temporal net. For the work of Plato or of Aristotle, this is admitted as a commonplace by the historians of philosophy; the thought of these philosophers reflects the conditions of the Athenian society of their day. Similarly, no one pretends to arrive at a proper understanding of such thinkers as Francis Bacon and Hobbes except in the light of the political and economic and the broadly cultural conditions of their age. Just so in our study of mediaeval philosophy, we may not properly consider Anselm, or Thomas Aquinas, or William of Occam as men whose thoughts float free without anchorage. They too are the sons of their age. Nay more, there is a certain philosophical atmosphere which is created by the collective thought of numerous thinkers; and this is subject to influences issuing from the spirit of the age, in its economic, political, social, moral, religious and artistic aspects. Moreover, while philosophical thought is thus affected from without, it also exerts its own influence in turn upon the general culture with which it is organically connected. For the thought of the Middle Ages the time has come when we must take account of this mutual dependence. Indeed we may even regard with advantage the example of natural history, whose museums no longer exhibit their specimens as so many lifeless objects in a bare cage, on the contrary, they are represented as if they were still alive in their native jungle. The point of view, therefore, which we choose for our treatment in these lectures, is that of the relational aspects in mediaeval philosophy a study which relates the philosophy to the other factors in that civilization taken as an organic whole.... Middle Ages - Simple English Wikipedia the free encyclopedia The Middle Ages are a time period in European history They started around the year 476 CE when the Western Roman Empire ended and continued until around the time Middle Ages historical era Britannicacom Middle Ages the period in European history from the collapse of Roman civilization in the 5th century ce to the period of the Renaissance (variously interpreted as Middle Ages Infoplease Middle Ages period in Western European history that followed the disintegration of the West Roman Empire in the 4th and 5th cent and lasted into the 15th cent ie World History International: Main Contents Page There are several ways to find essays and articles on this site You may look for a topic in the menu below or try using the search Medieval Renaissance Reformation: Western Civilization the "middle" centuries of western civilization from byzantium to the french revolution an internet book on the medieval/renaissance/reformation world Middle Ages - New World Encyclopedia The Middle Ages form the middle period in a traditional division of European history into three "epochs": the classical civilization of antiquity the Middle Ages Middle Ages - Wikipedia The Middle Ages is one of the three major periods in the most enduring scheme for analysing European history: classical civilisation or Antiquity; the Middle Ages CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Philosophy - NEW ADVENT Philosophy Help support New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia Church Fathers Summa Bible Late Middle Ages - Wikipedia Late Middle Ages Europe and Mediterranean region Resource: The Western Tradition Covering the ancient world through the age of technology this illustrated lecture by Eugen Weber presents a tapestry of political and social events woven with many
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